Analysis Of The Article Three Cultures Of Management

In the article, â€Å"Three Cultures of Management: The Key to Organization Learning†, the author, Edgar H. Schein discusses the importance of why organizations need to learn how to learn and what factors are causing organizations to hinder learning. He explains why organizational innovations either don’t occur or fail to survive and proliferate. He proposes that the reason for such learning failures is the three cultures that exist in every organization. The cultures analyzed by Edgar are the operator culture, engineering culture, and the executive culture. The operator culture is an internal culture that is developed based on the organization’s success. The engineering culture is the designers and technocrats who drive the core technology. The executive culture is the CEO and his or her immediate subordinates. He emphasizes on how these three cultures are often not aligned with each other, and it is this lack of alignment that causes the failures of organizati onal learning. The author concludes the article by enforcing that the key to organizational learning may be in helping executives and engineers learn how to learn, how to analyze their own cultures, and how to evolve those cultures around their strengths (Schein, 1996). Analysis Edgar H. Schein holds a BPhil from the University of Chicago, a BA and an MA in social psychology from Stanford University, and a PhD in social psychology from Harvard University. Edgar Schein is the Society of Sloan Fellows Professor ofShow MoreRelatedHow The Management Teams Should Be Given Power Limitations On Their Decision Choices For Their Employees1498 Words   |  6 Pageshow the management teams should be given power limitations on their decision choices for their employees. Economic Analysis for Managers Managers must perform an economic analysis of the industry to confirm how HR departments are operated with the competitions companies. 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Chapter 2 Thesis Example - 1779 Words

Chapter 2 Literature Review This chapter presents a brief history regarding social responsibility. Moreover, the nature of corporate and small business social responsibility will be discussed, as well as the advantages and disadvantages behind socially responsible activities. Brief History Corporate social responsibility is primarily a twentieth-century invention, though its ancient and venerable roots can be traced easily to Biblical sources. The concept is evident, for example, in Deuteronomy 24:10-13 and 25:13-16. The twentieth century has seen an unprecedented growth in the size, importance, and power of the corporation. Moreover, corporations have proven to be extremely efficient at producing goods and†¦show more content†¦Small Business Social Responsibility Contrary to corporations and other big businesses, small and medium-sized businesses, non-national businesses and businesses such as department stores may not receive as much critical scrutiny because they are not as highly visible, do not manufacture dangerous products, or emit large volumes of pollutants. Nevertheless, it stands that many of the same problems that exist for large businesses also exist for the small and medium-sized businesses. Large companies, with large planning, pol icy, and strategy staffs, may be in a better position to make the doing good to doing better concept work. On the other hand, medium-sized and smaller companies with limited resources may have serious problems in applying this concept of social responsibility. Nevertheless, small business may still and are encouraged to engage in socially responsible activities. These social activities: include charitable contributions, discounts to senior citizens, expenditures on employee alcoholism and substance abuse treatment, responses to customer complaints, product warranties, processes for exchanging purchases, community service in volunteer or governance capacities, employee education, child care or flexible hours for employees with children, advertising or promoting community events, sponsoring sports teams, recycling, special services to the handicapped, and so forth (Smith; Thompson; 1991). LittleShow MoreRelatedThe Genome Project Of Any Species901 Words   |  4 Pagesbe possible wi thout modern sequencing technologies and the methods described in this thesis, transcriptome and genome resources for whitefly can be rapidly developed which enable exciting research. Methods and results described in this thesis are just examples for any genome project, and would suit best to any arthropod that contain bacterial endosymbiont. 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Analyzing The Situations Wherein Ethical Dilemma Is Encountered

Question: Discuss about the Analyzing The Situations Wherein Ethical Dilemma Is Encountered. Answer: Introduction In the present times, the professionals encounter a number of situations wherein they have to face ethical dilemma. The doing ethics technique is the process of analyzing the situations wherein ethical dilemma is encountered. It does not guarantee the best ethical solution for the case; however, it helps in thinking ethically. The technique is based on eight questions which are applied at a chronological order on the given situation. Although the technique is vague, it provides adequate guidance for the ethical analysis of situation. In the present case, the doing ethics technique is applied in a project management situation (McDermid, 2015). In this situation, the project director asks the project manager to skip encryption process for earlier launch of application software. Doing Ethics Technique Case Synopsis: In the present case, the project of developing application software is running behind schedule. The CEO of the company wants to submit the project on time as it will guarantee more projects from the client. However, increasing the pace of the schedule will require skipping the encryption process which will make the software vulnerable to the external attacks. Facts: Delaying the project will result in disgruntled client and negatively impact on the profits of the margin. As the current project is associated with a large number of future projects, it is important that the project is completed within time and will all the prerequisites. In the present case, delivery of the project on time is near to impossible. The project manager has to remove unnecessary details from the project. However, encryption a critical factor in the successful completion of the project. The encryption is required for security purposes. Without encryption, the hackers can easily enter into the system. It will result in bad reputation and criticism of the client as well as the software manufacturing company. If the confidential information of the company is leaked through hacking, it may result in financial loss and bad repute for the client organization (Lewis, 2015). Ethical and non-ethical Issues: There are significant ethical and non-ethical issues in the present case. The project manager can yield under the pressure and may develop a project without the encryption. However, it is unethical as it may result in unnecessary damage to the client. The client will unknowingly install the system in its IT infrastructure; however, it will make the organization vulnerable to different attacks. It will be unethical on the part of the project manager. On the other hand, the organization will benefit in numerous ways by delivering the project on time. It is observed that in IT projects, delivery time is very crucial. If the organization is unable to deliver the project on time; it will result in disgruntled client. It can damage the reputation of the company and result in the loss of business (Tavani, 2011). Along with it, the company can also bag other projects from the same client, if the present project has all the desired features and is delivered on time. However, the implications of hacking are higher if there is no encryption. The negative impact of the situation is far greater than the benefits. If the company remains successful is bagging more projects from the client, the project manager can also earn share or benefit from it. Therefore, there are a several different implications of the decision. Stakeholders: In the present case, there are a large number of stakeholders. All the stakeholders will face the impact of the decision in one way or another. CEO of Software manufacturing company: The CEO of the company is looking for the potential benefits from the present project. He is seeking that the organization gets as many projects as possible from the current project. As a result, he is trying to assure that the project is complete on schedule. However, if the project manager does not apply adequate security measures in the project, it can affect adversely on the reputation of the organization. Project manager: The project manager regulates the project. He can control the features of the project; however, one wrong decision of him can impact adversely on the client organization and the vendor organization (Sekerka, 2013). Client: The client wants the project on time. However, he also expects that the software has all the deliverables. If some features will be absent in the final product, it may adversely impact on the client organization. Implication of Ethical Issues: The ethical issues have long-lasting implications on the organization. It can damage the reputation of the organization. Other than that, it can also damage the profitability of the business organization. Solutions: In the present case, the best solution is to abide by the ethical laws. The project director should talk to the CEO and the client. He should state clearly that it is not possible to submit the project on time with all the features. They should clearly mention that if they want the project on time, the encryption procedure will be omitted which will increase the vulnerability of the organization towards security attacks. The project manager should also suggest that there is possibility that the project is installed now but the encryption is added later as an add-on feature (Black Roberts, 2011). All these suggestions should be clearly discussed with the client to increase the transparency of the organization. Options: There are a several options from which the project manager has to choose his decision. Firstly, he can yield to the project director and decide to develop the application without the encryption. The second option is to communicate with the client and make him understand that developing a good and secure application will take time. The third option is to negotiate, communicate with the client that the application which will be installed in the predefined time. However, the encryption will be added later as an add-on (Andrew, Don Gammack, 2016). Although with this strategy, the project will be completed in the time; however, the system vulnerability to external security attacks will be increased. Best Option: In the present case, the best option is to communicate with the client that the project will take time and deliver the complete solution. In the present case, it important the project is delivered with adequate security features as if the system security is breached, the risk posed to the organization will be very high. Conclusion It can be concluded that several times ethical dilemma is encountered in the lives of the IT professionals. In the present, an ethical dilemma of early launch is encountered. The project manager faces an ethical dilemma wherein he is pressurized to deliver the project on time and skip the encryption process. It can result in security hack and damage to the client. The present situation is investigated with the help of Doing Ethics Technique. It has been found that the best method is to inform the client about the importance of encryption and ask for time for project delivery. References Andrew, M., Don, K., Gammack, J. (2016). Managing Security Issues and the Hidden Dangers of Wearable Technologies. IGI Global. Black, J. Roberts, C. (2011). Doing Ethics in Media: Theories and Practical Applications. Taylor Francis. Lewis, V. (2015). Doing Ethics: Moral Reasoning and Contemporary Issues: Fourth Edition. W. W. Norton Company. McDermid, D. (2015). Ethics in ICT: An Australian Perspective. Pearson Higher Education AU. Sekerka, L.E. (2013). Ethics Training in Action: An Examination of Issues, Techniques, and Development. IAP. Tavani, H.T. (2011). Ethics and Technology: Controversies, Questions, and Strategies for Ethical Computing. John Wiley Sons.

Bris Milah (Circumcision) Essay Example For Students

Bris Milah (Circumcision) Essay The Covenant of CircumcisionAnd G-d said unto Avroham: And as for you, you shall keep Mycovenant, you, and your seed after you throughout their generations. This is My covenant, which you shall keep, between Me and you andyour seed after you: every male among you shall be circumcised. Andyou shall be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskin; and it shall be atoken of a covenant between Me and you. And he that is eight days oldshall be circumcised among you, every male throughout yourgenerations, he that is born in the house, or bought with money of anyforeigner, that is not of your seedand My covenant shall be in yourflesh for an everlasting covenant. And the uncircumcised male who isnot circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin, that soul shall be cut offfrom his people; he has broken My covenant. Genesis 17:9-14Within the Jewish community, the topic of bris milah, ritualcircumcision, has never been more controversial. Many liberal Jews are nowrethinking its function in Jewish life, some even choosing not to perform it ontheir sons. They argue that circumcision is no longer of value now that thespread of infection can be halted by good hygiene and modern medicine. Some fear that the removal of the healthy part of an organ is a purelyarbitrary act which may cause permanent psychological and physicaldamage. It is true that circumcision alone is neither medically necessary noremotionally beneficial. Still, the bris milah is an essential ceremonyintended to formally usher the Jewish male into a covenant with G-d. Although the removal of the foreskin has been practiced by Jews sinceAvroham, the actual ceremony as it is today developed some time around themiddle-ages. Thus, communities in North Africa, Europe, and the Middle-Eastall evolved unique customs for welcoming new baby boys . There are stillcertain elements that are typical of all ceremonies. The following descriptionof a German bris is typical of the milah ritual and lacks many of the detailsthat would distinguish it from ceremonies originating in other regions. The mohel, ritual circumcisor, calls in the kvater (from German forfather, or G-dfather), the man who delivers the baby into the sanctuary. The mother, who will not witness the ceremony, hands her eight-day-old soninto the care of his grandmothers who pass him over to the kvater. Thekvater carries the baby into the next room and lays him into a beautiful chairwhich the mohel will declare as the Throne of Elijah before reciting a fewbiblical verses. The kvterin, G-dmother, lifts the baby from the Throne ofElijah and places him into the lap of the Sandak, the man (usually the father,grandfather, close friend, or well respected Torah scholar) in whose lap theceremony will take place. The mohel asks the fathers permission to act asproxy for the mitzvah, commandment, of circumcision. The fatherrelinquishes his right to perform the circumcision and appoints the mohel,who is more familiar with the religious law as well as the medical andhygienic requirements of circumcision, to do the mitzv ah instead. The mohelrecites the benediction, Blessed are You haShem our G-d, Master of theuniverse who sanctifies us with the mitzvot and commands us to performcircumcision, before removing the babys foreskin. When the actual cuttinghas been complete, the father also makes a benediction: Blessed are YouhaShem our G-d, Master of the universe who has sanctified us with Hiscommandments and has commanded us to bring him the baby into thecovenant of Avroham, our Father. Everyone in the audience then declares,Just as he has been brought into the covenant, so too he should enter Torahstudy, the wedding canopy, and the doing of good deeds (Klein 426). It isduring this ceremony that the boys name is publicly announced for the firsttime (Robinson132). Bris Milah literally means covenant circumcision. Ashkenazic,Northern- and Eastern-European Jewish, communities refer to the entireceremony as a Bris which means simply the covenant. Rabbi MosheSchapiro emphasizes that the circumcision must be coupled with theintention to forge a blood pact between G-d and the Jewish people. Thatbris milah is frequently translated only as circumcision is unfortunatebecause it leads people to believe that the removal of the foreskin is themost important element of the mitzvah. This is in conflict with Jewishthinking. Indeed, someone who is circumcised without the intent of fulfillingthis specific commandment must undergo a subsequent, relatively painless,procedure in which a drop of blood is drawn from the reproductive organ inthe name of the bris. This procedure is most commonly performed on maleconverts to Judaism who underwent medical circumcisions as children. The commandment is often seen as barbaric in the modern day. AsRabbi Shraga Simmons points out, there is no logical argument for cuttinga piece of flesh off a helpless baby. Three years ago Israeli courts heldhearings to discuss the famous case number 5780/98 which would outlawcircumcision as a form of genital mutilation. Indeed, to remove a healthypart of an organ is ridiculous in a secular context, and yet it has beenpracticed on Jewish males for nearly 4,000 years. The great question is why. One must first realize that Judaism is not a practical guide to livingbut a theological guide to spirituality. Many people have claimed over theyears that circumcision was practiced by the Jews for hygienic reasonshowever, this explanation is foreign to Jewish thinking and is absent from theearliest commentaries and oral laws of torah. The Jews were never regardedas healthier than their non-Jewish, uncircumcised neighbors. They did notperform milah on their sons because they hoped to prevent i nfection, butbecause they felt that it was a religious obligation. The Jews do not conformto religious obligations because they believe it is physically healthy to do so(if there are any medical benefits, these are considered secondary) butbecause they believe it is spiritually healthy to do so. To disobey the Laws ofhaShem, G-d, is looked upon as spiritual mutilation. According to Jewish mysticism, or kabbalah, the foreskin symbolizes abarrier which prevents growth (Simmons). Deuteronomy 10:16 calls uponus to remove the foreskin of our hearts. Orlah, the Hebrew termtranslated as foreskin literally means barrier. The foreskin is seen as abarrier to the spiritual growth of the uncircumcised individual. In anotherkabbalistic example, we are taught that when Avram circumcised himself, atage 99, G-d changed his name to Avroham. He added only one letter to hisname: heh. The letter heh is found twice in one of the most holy ofhaShems names signifying that through the bris milah a dimensio n ofspirituality is brought to the physical body. So, why on the eighth day?The answer is twofold. Schapiro believes that the number eight has aspecial metaphysical significance. He notes that the number six alludes tothe physical world: there are six directions (north, south, east, west, up anddown); there are six days to the work week, and according to the Chumashthere were six days of creation. The number seven, he adds brings a senseof spirituality to this physical world: the seventh day of the week, Shabbos, isa Jewish holy day, and many Jewish festivals, including Sukkos last for sevendays. The number eight however, transcends the physical altogether. Forexample, the festival of Chanukah, which commemorates a great miraclelasts eight days. Human Rights EssayThe devotion of the Jewish people to the rite of milah even duringtimes of difficulty is a testimony to its importance in Jewish life. When milahwas outlawed by the Greeks during the era of the Maccabean leadership,many Jewish mothers risked their lives to circumcise their sons. Even in themodern era Jews have undergone heroic acts for the preservation of themitzvah. Holocaust survivor Aviel Binyomin Colquette remembers thefollowing story:They were rounding up the young children and mothers and they putus onto a train car. There was one womanshe did not cover herhairwho looked particularly distressed. She asked all of thepassengers in our car for a knife. But we were all women and children. No knives. She then started to look around for any sharp object. Shewanted a shard of glass, or a sharp rockanything you might cut with. The other passengers tried to dissuade her. They scolded her for herweakness and begged her not to kill herself. Finally a soldier camethroug h and she saw the outline of a knife in his pocket. Shedemanded he hand it over to her. In shock he complied. Then, to ourastonishment, she pulled from her bag a small infant boy. She saidthe blessings and performed the milah on him. She handed her childover to the officer and spoke to G-d, You gave me a healthy boy andnow I return him to You in purity and obedience to Torah.Similarly, many Jews in the Former Soviet Union (FSU) were notcircumcised due to secular laws and a general lack of interest in religiouspractice. However, the desire for bris milah was never completely eradicatedand when Western Jews were finally allowed to enter the FSU they weregreeted by large numbers of adult males who wished to undergo bris milah. Mohel Alexander Fink recalled his surprise at the large number of Jews whocame to see him at his arrival in the Ukraine:I was sure theyd all come to see the rabbi. Theyd heard his tapesbefore we came and had seemed really impressed. There were somany of them. Fro m age eleven to eighty. At least a hundred men. And they were there to see me! I couldnt believe theyd be so excitedabout milah. More interested in receiving milah than in seeing therabbi. They wanted to be circumcised more than they wanted to belearned. The idea of a covenant is a rather difficult concept for the outsider tocomprehend. The relationship between the Jews and haShem, their G-d, isunderstood as a straightforward contract, I will be your G-d, and you will beMy people. The Jews will obey haShem and He will see that their needs aremet. The milah is the most visible sign of the covenant as it is inscribed on apersons body and serves as a daily reminder to the Jewish male of his statusas a servant of haShem and mankind. Until very recently, even the most liberal Jews felt that circumcisionthough not necessarily the briswas essential to Jewish practice. The status of an uncircumcised male in Jewish culture wasundefined. He was in a strange state of being both Jewish and non-Jewish. A Jew trapped in a non-Jewish body. A bizarre spiritual circumstance thatcould not be redeemed until the man took matters into his own hands andunderwent a circumcision. Indeed, Yeshiva student Joshua Konig, suggeststhat the gates of heaven will no t open up for an uncircumcised Jewish male. A Jews obligation is to serve HaShem and observe the Torah his entire life,even under the most desperate circumstances (Scheinbaum 204). Works CitedColquette, Aviel Binyomin. Personal interview. 18 Nov. 2001. Fink, Alexander. Personal Interview. 10 Oct. 2001. Housman, Mordechai. Circumcision and Your Childs Health. 5 Nov. 2001. . Klein, Isaac. A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice. New York: The Jewish TheologicalSemianry of America, 1979. Konig, Joshua. Personal interview. 28 Nov. 2001. Moss, Lisa Braver.Circumcision: A Jewish Inquiry. Midstream magazine. 5 Nov. 2001. . Robinson, George. Essential Judaism: A Complete Guide to the Beliefes, Customs, andRituals. Ch. 3. New York: Pocket Books, 2000. Schapiro, Rabbi Moshe. What is Circumcision? Aish HaTorah. 15 Oct. 2001. . Scheinbaum, Rabbi A. Leib. Peninim On The Torah. Cleveland, Ohio: KisveiPublications, 2000. Simmons, Rabbi Shraga. Bris Milah: Beautiful or Barbaric? Aish HaTorah. 15 Oct. 2001. . Weissman, Rabbi Moshe. The Little Midrash Says: The Book of Beraishis. Brooklyn, New York: Bnay Yaakov Publications, 1986. Weissman, Rabbi Moshe. The Little Midrash Says: The Book of Shmos. Brooklyn, New York: Bnay Yaakov Publications, 1987.Words/ Pages : 2,623 / 24